MAF202 Money and Capital Markets Assignment T1 2012 Essay

MAF202 Money and Capital Markets Assignment T1 2012 - Essay Example Henceforth, there has been extending of spread between money rate and the financing costs set by the significant banks. Banks have contended to such inconsistency by referencing that the increasing expenses of assets have driven them to take such choices. Since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), banks have depended more on obligation subsidizing which are costly wellsprings of store than value and others. On the off chance that we take a gander at the ongoing worldwide monetary situation, it very well may be discovered that the euro-zone emergency circumstance is as yet uncertain, and financial development rate is relied upon to stoppage in 2012. There have been no rate cuts by the national bank of UK since 2009. In India as of late there have been rate cuts by Reserve Bank of India and banks have begun reacting to it emphatically. National bank of China follows a firmly controlled money related strategy and is required to have rate cuts in 2012. Hold Bank of Australia (RBA) is the national bank of Australia set up in the year 2006. Its chief undertaking is to control and manage the fiscal approach of Australia (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2012a). RBA utilizes money rate as a device to control the weight of expansion in Australia. RBA focuses to keep the expansion rate in and around 2% to 3%. This alludes to the fiscal approach followed by RBA. RBA’s money related approach additionally incorporates controling joblessness rate and guaranteeing a stable monetary development of the nation as its different goals. At the point when the expansion rate goes past the objective of RBA, the money rate is improved. In any case RBA attempts to diminish the money rate when it feels that expansion isn't representing an incredible danger and Australia can have a quicker financial development. RBA controls the financial approach of Australia by setting up the loaning rates on credits accessible in the currency advertise on a short-term premise. These paces of intrigue set by RBA have an effect on the remainder of the financing costs in Australian economy. Thusly it affects how the

Caused By Fast Growth Erroneous Directives â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Caused By Fast Growth Erroneous Directives? Answer: Introducation Downturn is a piece of what numerous financial analysts will allude to as Business cycle. The extraordinary downturn, for the most part alluding to the US 2008 downturn was brought about by a few factors, all occurrence simultaneously and toward the end causing an extreme decrease in the national economy .Recessions are portrayed by declined swellings and high paces of joblessness. Downturns follows times of high development in economy additionally called the blast Freeman (2013 p. 143) The USA downturn prompted overall money related calamity stunning the certainty of both the purchasers and organizations in a variety of nations. Thinking about its belongings, it was named as incredible downturn which prompted financial emergency and spread out at a disturbing rate in each edge of the world. It was viewed as the most pessimistic scenario of the financial decrease as the colossal misery US was downturn after World War 11 (Howell and Azizoglu, 2012, p.154). As indicated by numerous business analysts, this incredible downturn mostly came up because of sudden busting of house bubble in US, brought about by quick development of wrong orders of sub - prime home loans. So as to comprehend the extraordinary downturn, this examination has broke down both the outcomes and reasons for this incredible money related emergency (Phillips and Nugent, 2014, p.123). Reasons for the extraordinary downturn During this period the US confronted extreme troubles including banking establishments at the purpose of insolvency. This monetary crisis was to a great extent misrepresented by the worldwide inconsistencies, hazard discernment, paces of interests, and rules of the budgetary strategies. The elements which prompted the incredible downturn were summed up as; Breakdown of the Lehman siblings Breakdown of Lehman siblings in 2008 denoted a start of another page in universal calamity. There was a battle around the administrations with a point of protecting budgetary establishments given that the financial exchange and lodging had crumpled. Huge numbers of these foundations kept on confronting grave liquidity issues (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013, p. 177). Subprime contracts burst and lodging bubble. Research obviously shows that there were no guidelines of subprime contracts where these home loan ventures could sell contracts without thinking about whether buyers could take care of. In 2007, the subprime contracts in US were at $1.3 trillion and with a surmised of $ 7.5 million remarkable home loans. This is on the grounds that the home loan was lifted to about 22% of the complete starts of the home loans through the US top lodging bubble. Most by far of subprime contracts were because of gigantic abandonments thus to a great extent influencing establishments and private home loan merchants who are not under Community Reinvestment Act spread. It in this manner in a roundabout way influenced a moderate development and began a fall on the customer consumption and venture Low loan cost The fiscal specialists of US had balanced the paces important to unprecedented levels prompting an obligation money utilization blast which drove the path in boosting lodging bubble. It is additionally contended that the paces of enthusiasm for US were low for a really long time to that they remained at only 1 percent in the years 2003 and 2004 which realized the incredible money related emergency. The money related approach in US is scrutinized for neglecting to grasp the exaggerated resource bubble and simultaneously causing the quick development in contracts Bernanke (2014, p. 165). Credit Crunch The high subprime contracts defaults had prompted credit crunch which limited to an unexpected lack of cash and henceforth coming about to decrease in the accessible advances. Numerous business and venture banks confronted huge misfortunes because of the home loan advances. Banks were in this way hesitant to give out advances to individuals and considerably different banks consequently prompting a diminishing in reserves circling in currency markets (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013, p. 190). House crash US house markets are significant bases of customers spending and the financial development rate. A few elements influenced the house cost to increment quicker than the customers procuring, and subsequently it achieved exaggerated resources. It was noticed that the house costs were expanded quickly until 2006 and afterward experienced decay after the blast. At the point when the costs went down to direct the divergence, it effectsly affected the purchasers use where people couldn't get extra assets for consumption (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013 p. 187). Spending shortage and National obligation The US overdue debts situated at 65% of the GDP in the year 2007 henceforth turning out to be more terrible when the liabilities from annuity were thought of. At this shortfall, the US organization had little monetary approach extension capacity in light of the fact that the socioeconomics were against the financial dependability subsequently compounding the deficiency. This shortage prompted troubles in drawing in the progression of capital as the Asian investors who were aware of this deficiency hindered the progression of money to America prompting lessening estimation of the dollar Bernanke (2014, p. 135). Depreciation of dollar In light of the financial hypothesis, a decrease in return rates inevitably helps in expanding the fares and invigorating the development in the fare division. The devaluation in the dollar esteem be that as it may, had prompted cost-push expansion and in the long run prompted decrease in the ways of life where products were profoundly costly thus prompting decrease in people spending power. This dollar decay made US less serious contrasted with its exchanging accomplices (Elsby, Hobijn and Sahin, 2012, p.132). Impacts of extraordinary downturn Much after the official finish of the extraordinary downturn, the impacts of this most noticeably terrible downturn in economy are as yet being felt in US, usually in GDP, paces of joblessness, exchanging accomplices, GFC and total interest as examined underneath. The monetary exercises are noble by the genuine total national output was contracting strongly until the approach producers passed the bill on money related adjustment and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Therefore the economy began developing in the year 2009 and has found the middle value of 2.2% yearly development from that point forward (Phillips and Nugent, 2014). Pace of joblessness Commonly, the pace of joblessness will increment at whatever point an economy experiences a time of downturn. There is a pinnacle 15 months after the downturn and afterward drops progressively as the economy keeps on cresting. Research shows that the absolute financial movement shrunk by a 5% during this time of incredible wretchedness and joblessness moved from 5 % in 2007 to 10 % in 2009. From that time, there was adjustment in joblessness at around 9%, still a rate which was not ideal Higgs (2013, p.165). Exchanging accomplices The extraordinary money related emergency prompted breakdown of global exchange streams. Without a doubt these exchange streams went down 30 percent comparative with the GDP. The US genuine fares and imports which are non-oil fell almost by 27 percent. One of the intriguing highlights of this incredible downturn is that, it was generally a rich-nation issue. It may have quickened the since quite a while ago run development of the developing markets, for example, India and Mexico in worldwide and furthermore the US exchange. Be that as it may, a countrys pace of pay development must be a piece of this story. Both Canada and Germany circumvent the US regarding salary during this period and from that second their exchange imparts to the US have decreased (Eichengreen and Temin, 2013, p.150). Business cycle The business cycle alludes to the expansion and lessening of financial development happening over some undefined time frame. Its a fundamental instrument for dissecting the economy and creation of budgetary decisions.it has four stages; extension, trough, pinnacle and withdrawal. During extension, the GDP which quantifies the financial profitability is rising. Joblessness arrives at its ordinary pace of 4.5 to 5.0; swelling then again is about the objective of 2% given that the financial exchange remains at buyer showcase (Jenkins, Brandolini and Micklewright, 2012, p 69). The subsequent stage is the pinnacle and essentially alludes to the month when the extension shifts into the third stage. During to this stage (contractionary) of cycle the monetary development experiences a debilitating period coming about to a GDP tumble to even beneath 2 percent. At the point when it goes to negative, its at that point alluded to as downturn. Right now joblessness rates begins to increment and stocks go into a bear showcase. The fourth stage is the trough and it is the point at which the economy month when the economy shifts from withdrawal to development stage Romer (2013 pg. 186).In the instance of extraordinary downturn for instance; the economy went down suddenly by 2.7 percent in the principal quarter of 2008. In the wake of recouping 2% in the second quarter, residents thought the downturn was no more. In any case, it shrunk by another 1.9% in the third quarter a gigantic fall of 8.2% in the fourth quarter. The money related framework experienced boast in th e first quarter of 2009 subsequent to contracting 5.4%. The pace of joblessness went up from 5.0 to 7.3% among January and December. The trough occurred in the in the second quarter of the year 2009 when the GDP drop 0.5 percent and joblessness expanded to 9.5 percent Ball (2014, p.47). The period of extension started in the second from last quarter of the year 2009, GDP rose by 1.3 because of motivating force spending by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Because of the cruel withdrawal stage which had occurred, the joblessness rate kept on intensifying to a degree of even 10 percent in the long stretch of October Romer (2013, p. 176). GFC versus Total interest Total basically implies absolute. We utilize the term to gauge the use by all shoppers, enterprises, government and firms abroad. Total interest (AD) = all out spending on products and ventures Equation for the figuring of total interest is: Advertisement = C + I + G + (X-M) The incongruities in genuine GDP, joblessness and cost increments for the timespan of the 2007 GFC can be restate

Links Between Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease

Links Between Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases Print The Link Between Cigarette Smoking and Degenerative Disc Disease By Michelle Boisvert Updated on December 07, 2019 Cludio Policarpo / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use Smoking-Related Diseases After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Cigarette smoking is a leading risk factor for degenerative disc disease (DDD). The term “degenerative disc disease” has been criticized by some because all discs do degenerate naturally over time. Its a normal part of the aging process. However, in some younger adults, the discs degenerate more quickly than in others, causing the discs to lose fluid, become less pliable, and less able to protect and support the vertebrae, resulting in chronic and debilitating pain. Smoking Is a Leading Risk Factor for DDD Although genetic predisposition is the number one risk factor for DDD, a growing number of studies indicate that smoking is another leading risk factor for DDD, both in the lumbar discs (lower back) and cervical discs (neck). Research suggests that smokers have a greater risk of developing DDD, and that smoking can exacerbate a pre-existing disc degeneration. Smoke and Disc Degeneration Nicotine deprives disc cells of vital nutrients. In addition to nicotine, when you smoke, you introduce carbon monoxide into the bloodstream and from there into your body tissues. These poisons inhibit the discs’ ability to absorb the nutrients they need from the blood. The result can be prematurely dehydrated, less pliable discsâ€"degenerated discs. As the discs become more and more malnourished, there is a greater risk of a ruptured disc. This occurs when the disc contents break through the outer layer of the disc, often impinging on nerves and causing great pain, numbness, and in some cases nerve damage in the legs or arms. These same poisons also interfere with the absorption of calcium, leading to a compromised vertebral structure. More Smoking Risks Related to Degenerative Disc Disease Other risks that relate to smoking and DDD include: Coughing, which is more prevalent among smokers, can also add to the risk of DDD. Coughing causes increased pressure between discs, which puts added strain on the spine and discs, creating a greater risk of disc bulges and ruptures, especially in a spine already weakened because of smoking-related toxins.Inactivity, which is frequently associated with the smoker’s lifestyle, can result in a higher frequency of back pain in general. Unfortunately, pain associated with DDD can make an active lifestyle that much more difficult to enjoy. Treatment Treatment for DDD and disc ruptures ranges from doing nothing to major surgery, including spinal fusion. This surgical procedure involves removing disc material and fusing the vertebrae together with bone grafts and sometimes metal plates, rods, and screws. Anyone who is still smoking by the time this surgery is required is strongly advised to quit smoking prior to surgery. Many surgeons will not perform the surgery until you have been smoke-free for several months. Smoking impedes new bone growth, which is instrumental in the success of spinal fusion. Researchers have determined that nicotine is a bone toxin and as a result, the failure rate for many types of fusions is higher for smokers. More research is being done to study the relationship between smoking and DDD, but there is ample evidence already to suggest that quitting smoking now may reduce the risk of developing or exacerbating DDD. Dont Take the Gamble To those who might be contemplating quitting and wondering if you have another 10, 20, or 30 years to smoke before you do any real or lasting damage, please think again. Think about what you’re putting on the line. For every warning actually listed on a pack of cigarettes, there are many more illnesses, diseases, and complications that smoking can cause. Try to quit now, and at least know that from this day forward youre doing all you can to protect your health and well-being.

Venus Flytrap Facts (Dionaea muscipula)

The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a rare carnivorous plant that captures and digests its prey with fleshy, hinged jaws. These jaws are actually modified portions of the plants leaves. The plant gets its common name for Venus, the Roman goddess of love. This refers either to the plant traps supposed resemblance to female genitalia or to the sweet nectar it uses to lure its victims. The scientific name comes from Dionaea (daughter of Dione or Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love) and muscipula (Latin for mousetrap). Fast Facts: Venus Flytrap Scientific Name: Dionaea muscipulaCommon Names: Venus flytrap, tippity twitchetBasic Plant Group: Flowering plant (angiosperm)Size: 5 inchesLifespan: 20-30 yearsDiet: Crawling insectsHabitat: North and South Carolina coastal wetlandsPopulation: 33,000 (2014)Conservation Status: Vulnerable Description The Venus flytrap is a small, compact flowering plant. A mature rosette has between 4 and seven leaves and reaches a size up to 5 inches. Each leaf blade has a petiole capable of photosynthesis and a hinged trap. The trap contains cells that produce the red pigment anthocyanin. Within each trap are trigger hairs that sense touch. The edges of the trap lobes are lined with stiff protrusions which lock together when the trap closes to prevent prey from escaping. Habitat The Venus flytrap lives in damp sandy and peaty soil. It is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina. The soil is poor in nitrogen and phosphorus, so the plant needs to supplement photosynthesis with nutrients from insects. North and South Carolina get mild winters, so the plant is adapted to cold. Plants that do not undergo winter dormancy eventually weaken and die. Northern Florida and western Washington host successful naturalized populations. Diet and Behavior While the Venus flytrap relies on photosynthesis for most of its food production, it requires supplementation from proteins in prey to meet its nitrogen requirements. Despite its name, the plant primarily catches crawling insects (ants, beetles, spiders) rather than flies. In order for prey to be captured, it must touch the trigger hairs inside the trap more than once. Once triggered, it only takes about a tenth of a second for the trap lobes to snap shut. Initially the fringes of the trap loosely hold the prey. This allows very small prey to escape, as they arent worth the energy expenditure of digestion. If the prey is large enough, the trap fully closes to become a stomach. Digestive hydrolase enzymes are released into the trap, nutrients are absorbed through the leafs interior surface, and 5 to 12 days later the trap opens to release the remaining chitin shell of the insect. Large insects can damage the traps. Otherwise, each trap can only function a few times before the leaf dies and must be replaced. Suitable prey must be small enough to fit within the trap but large enough to supply enough nutrients. de-kay / Getty Images Reproduction Venus flytraps are capable of self-pollination, which occurs when pollen from the plants anthers fertilize a flowers pistil. However, cross-pollination is common. The Venus flytrap does not capture and eat insects that pollinate its flowers, such as sweat bees, checkered beetles, and long-horned beetles. Scientists arent entirely certain how the pollinators avoid being trapped. It could be that the color of the flowers (white) attracts pollinators, while the color of the traps (red and green) attracts prey. Other possibilities include scent differences between the flower and trap, and flower placement above the traps. After pollination, the Venus flytrap produces black seeds. The plant also reproduces by dividing into colonies from rosettes that form beneath mature plants. Conservation Status The IUCN lists the Venus flytraps conservation status as vulnerable. The population of plants in the species natural habitat is decreasing. As of 2014, an estimated 33,000 plants remained, all within a 75 mile radius of Wilmington, NC. Threats include poaching, fire prevention (the plant is fire resistant and relies on periodic burning to control competition), and habitat loss. In 2014, North Carolina Senate Bill 734 made collecting wild Venus flytrap plants a felony. Care and Cultivation The Venus flytrap is a popular houseplant. While its an easy plant to keep, it has certain requirements. It must be planted in acidic soil with good drainage. Usually, it is potted in a mixture of sphagnum peat moss and sand. Its important to water the plant with rainwater or distilled water to provide the proper pH. The plant needs 12 hours of direct sunlight per day. It should not be fertilized and should only be offered an insect if it appears unhealthy. In order to survive, a Venus flytrap requires exposure to a period of cooler temperatures to simulate winter. While the Venus flytrap will grow from seed, it is usually cultivated by dividing the rosettes in the spring or summer. Commercial propagation for nurseries occurs in vitro from plant tissue culture. Many interesting mutations for size and color are available from nurseries. Uses In addition to cultivation as a houseplant, Venus flytrap extract is sold as a patent medicine named Carnivora. The American Cancer Society states that Carnivora is sold as an alternative treatment for skin cancer, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, herpes, and Crohns disease. However, the health claims have not been supported by scientific evidence. The purified active ingredient in the plant extract, plumbagin, does show antitumor activity. Sources DAmato, Peter (1998). The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-915-8.Hsu YL, Cho CY, Kuo PL, Huang YT, Lin CC (Aug 2006). Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Cells through p53 Accumulation via c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation at Serine 15 in Vitro and in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 318 (2): 484–94. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.098863Jang, Gi-Won; Kim, Kwang-Soo; Park, Ro-Dong (2003). Micropropagation of Venus fly trap by shoot culture. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 72 (1): 95–98. doi:10.1023/A:1021203811457Leege, Lissa (2002) How Does the Venus Flytrap Digest Flies? Scientific American.Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000). Dionaea muscipula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T39636A10253384. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39636A10253384.en

Analysis Of The Poem Alaska - 1113 Words

Alaska. The word conjures images of majestic mountains, deep-blue glaciers, adventure, and quite possibly the most extreme and rugged place on Earth. My family spent one of the greatest weeks of our lives there this past summer. Homer is the last stop along the Alaskan highway system, five hours southwest of Anchorage. It isn’t much, just a couple hundred houses nestled high up on the hillside, and a sandy spit, jutting five miles into the sea. Across the bay from Homer lies Kachemak Bay State Park, 400,000 acres of rugged mountains and flowing ice fields. The place where we stayed rested on the outskirts, right on the ocean. We had plans for all but one of the days we spent across the bay. When the day arrived, most of my family prepared†¦show more content†¦I finished the apple I’d been working on and we headed off. From the trail’s official terminus, the ridge flattened out before rising sharply. This repeated several times, each time stretching higher and steeper, before finally flattening out a thousand feet above our position. On this final shelf sat the summit, hidden from view by thick clouds. On we hiked towards the cloud cover, passing by crystal clear ponds and fields of snow, left over from the winter before. As we gained elevation the temperature dropped and a wind came up out of the south, forcing us to stop after a few minutes to put on our extra jackets. We did our best to stick to the center of the ridge from that point onwards. If it hadn’t been as wide, we would have had to turn back for fear of being blown off the edge. The worsening conditions made continuing difficult, but we did so nevertheless. Carefully, we picked our way through the snowfields and knee-high brush until we began to notice wisps of fog around us. We had entered the cloud. Soon, all we could see when we looked behind us were streams of pale white. When the clouds cleared for a moment I managed to get a picture. The ridge stretched back behind us, dotted with blue-white ice, and off in the distance the bright Homer spit stretched into the deep blue ocean like a knife through butter. I don’t know if I have seen anything more beautiful before or sinceShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Looking For Alaska 1543 Words   |  7 Pagesperhaps in a girl named Alaska Young, and this is where the book Looking for Alaska’s story begins to unfold its intricate layers of narrative. Though it is possible for a middle schooler to read this book, themes such as intimacy, suffering, and closure resound through the chapters on many different levels that critical thinking is a must to truly understand the in-de pth narration in the head of Miles Halter. One hundred twenty-eight days before. 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School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

School based alveolar consonant sealer plans have been spread outing throughout schools in the United States. These plans benefit the kids in forestalling disease and besides profit the health care system. So why is it that so much attending is being brought to sealing cavity and crevices in school aged kids? We will research dental sealers, school based plans, and how these plans benefit the professional universe of health care. We will write a custom essay sample on School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body 1 Sealants do non extinguish cavities but aid to protect the dentition from developing cavities. ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Dental sealers can be compared to a plastic like surfacing which bonds to the occlusal surface ( Tomar, A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Sealants should be applied before the patient is at hazard for sing dental cavities ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . When puting a sealant many things must be taking into consideration, including location, eruption position, and cavity and crevice morphology. Newly erupted, immature tooth enamel is susceptible to cavities because the enamel is more permeable and has a really high organic content degree. It is critical to protect freshly erupted dentition because it increases the overall length of service of the tooth ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Dental cavities normally form in topographic points where plaque has lingered for an drawn-out sum of clip ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . About 90 per centum of cavities in kids are found in cavities and crevices of lasting posterior dentitions with grinders being the most susceptible ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Although sealers are normally effectual at forestalling dental cavities sometimes things go incorrect with sealant arrangement and do the sealers to neglect. Sealants fail on different surfaces of the dentition and besides increase with multiple sealers ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Sound and noncavititizd cavities and crevice surfaces are normally sealed with more importance placed on the posterior dentition ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . The success rate on the lasting first grinders is higher than compared to the 2nd grinders. Mandibular dentitions and mesial sites retained sealers better than maxillary dentitions and distal surfaces. The most common ground for sealant failure is taint of the sealant country with spit. Other factors besides contribute to sealant keeping including experience of the clinician and the cooperation of the client. Puting a dental sealer over cavities is a better option than dental disregard or extraction. ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . If non restored, dental cavities will take to trouble, infection and perchance impaired map ( Tomar, A ; Reeves, 2009 ) . Children are non placed at a higher hazard for cavities if they missed a planned reapplication of the sealers. Sealant arrangement can be reversible if needed and allows for the tooth doctor to put Restorations on the tooth if necessary ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 2 The benefits of puting sealers on dentitions have been established, so how is the United States implementing this School Based Sealant Programs are by and large aimed toward low income kids. Child from lower income households are less likely to have alveolar consonant attention when compared with higher income households ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Families below the federal poorness threshold are twice every bit likely to develop cavities as kids whose households are above the federal poorness threshold. Children from lower income households typically consume cariogenic diets, have low fluoride consumption, have histories of old cavities and besides infrequent dental visits ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Merely about 20 per centum of kids from low income households have received sealers as compared to forty per centum in higher income households ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Targeting specific races or degrees of income can be considered favoritism. Programs must measure which kids do non have regular alveolar consonant attention and integrate these plans to aim these populations ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . When implementing school based dental sealant plans cost must be taken into consideration ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . It is more effectual and cost conservative to aim populations instead than single kids. Most plans do non hold the support to seal all posterior dentitions, therefore operators must measure the dentitions and determine which teeth are at highest hazard. Programs typically target kids who are in first class to seal first grinders and 6th class to seal 2nd grinders ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . The operator so must utilize selective sealer applications. The ratio of Restoration to sealant cost is 12:1, which means overall it is cheaper to put sealers than to put Restorations in the dentition ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . School based alveolar consonant sealant plans tend to aim populations that are at the highest hazard for dental cavities. The most common manner used to find which populations are at high hazard is finding the per centum of pupils who are enrolled in the free or decreased monetary value repast plans. Parents of kids in these schools are normally asked to make full out studies in which the followers is reported: whether the kid is enrolled in a free or decreased meal plan, if the childaa‚Â ¬a„?s chief beginning of attention is through Medicaid, or if they are uninsured. Planners so use these studies to measure which schools have kids at higher hazards ( Siegal, A ; Detty, 2010 ) . Although the operator accesses each single kid the cavities risk appraisal is done at a group degree ( Fontana et al. , 2010 ) . Parental consent is needed in order to supply the kid with sealers. Timing of ratings of the keeping of the sealers depends on many factors including: the plan aims, alterations in dental stuffs and techniques, and motion of pupils. It has been found that sealers cut down dental cavities by 70 eight per centum one twelvemonth after arrangement and 50 nine per centum after four or more old ages. School based dental sealers are portion of a comprehensive attack to cut down the communityaa‚Â ¬a„?s hazard of kids developing cavities ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Body 3 Through school based dental sealant plans kids receive the benefits of having the sealers while pupils deriving cognition, compassion, and understanding from the experience. These plans provide kids with needed attention that they otherwise would non be able to have. Though these larning experience pupils will normally go advocators for school based dental sealers in more schools in their local countries or hometowns ( Aleksejuniene et al. , 2010 ) . Programs such as the school- based dental sealant plans besides help pupils to understand dental wellness disparities. These plans besides help pupils in being comfy functioning many diverse populations A ; have been shown to positively act upon the studentaa‚Â ¬a„?s attitude towards community service ( Holtzman, A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Four handed dental medicine is frequently required, giving the pupils the chance to work together and derive apprehensions from each other ( Gooch et al. , 2009 ) . Students work in squads in connexion with the instructors to measure the demands of the patients and this helps to develop communicating between health care suppliers. In add-on to supplying school based dental sealers pupils should experience a duty to educate both kids and grownups in proper unwritten wellness attention. In the 2007 financial twelvemonth, eighty five per centum of describing provinces have a dental sealant plan in topographic point. The figure of kids being served by these plans has about doubled from 2000 to 2007 ( Holtzman, A ; Seirawan, 2009 ) . Decision The enlargement of school based dental sealers has been on the rise in the United States. With progresss kids are able to have the basic attentions needed in order to assist them better protect their dentitions. It is promoting to see the figure of kids profiting from these plans continues to lift. The benefits of cavity and crevice sealers in kids have been proven to be a preventive attack to dentistry. As these plans continue to develop every bit good as become educated. As people continue to go more cognizant of the benefits funding for these plans in schools will go on to lift. Sealants will assist to relieve childrenaa‚Â ¬a„?s emphasiss about sing the tooth doctors. How to cite School Based Dental Sealant Programs Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Outline free essay sample

The content of lectures reflect a more analytical and critical treatment of topics than EXCESSES. The topics, which build on the theory of consumer and rim behavior and market structure, include game theory, oligopoly, general equilibrium and welfare, externalities and public goods and the economics of information. Prerequisites (ICONIC 001 or BUSINESS) and ECONOMIC With a credit average or better in the two units of study combined.Assumed knowledge It is assumed that students understand a) how to read and draw graphs, b) how to solve linear equations and systems of equations, and c) the concept of a derivative and how to differentiate simple functions. More generally, relative to EXCESSES , it is expected that students will be more comfortable tit a rigorous approach toward the development of concepts and theories. Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this unit of study, students should: 1 . Eave a sound understanding of the structure of major microeconomic models of the decision problems facing individual consumers and firms, and the formal techniques commonly appli ed to solve them; 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Have both a formal and intuitive understanding of the results generated by these models, how they relate to underlying assumptions, and how they may change as a result of varying those assumptions: 3. Have an understanding of the limitations of various models, and be able to radically evaluate competing explanations of economic behavior; and 4. Assess a solid foundation for the application of microeconomic theory to problems in the real world, and in subsequent studies in specialist and applied fields of economics. Learning structure The class will meet each week for a lecture of two hours duration. Lecture slides will be published on Blackboard, but may not provide a complete account of everything that is discussed in class. Therefore they do not constitute a substitute for attendance at lectures, and you will need to come to class in order to achieve the learning outcomes for this unit. Tutorials will take place each week starting in week 2.These are designed to complement (not be a substitute for) the lectures. Each tutorial will cover material from the previous weeks lecture. A set of tutorial topics and questions will be posted on Blackboard in advance of each tutorial. It is highly recommended that you attempt this work before attending the tutorial. The assessment will consist to one in-class mid-semester test (in week 8), and a final exam. Reading requirements Required text: Samaras Bannered (2015), Intermediate Microeconomics: A Tool-Building Approach (First edition), London: Rutledge.This text is new, and will be used for the first time in 2015. Also, please note that the required text for EXCESSES differs from that in EXCESSES. 2 Lectures will be based reasonably closely upon the text, although some lecture material does not appear in the text. Tutorials will be based in part on end-of chapter questions from the text. The text also contains additional questions that you may wish to practice on. You should either purchase your own copy, or have ready access to a copy, of the text. The University library will have limited copies, which may be borrowed on a short-term basis. Unit schedule DateLecture topics Text chapters 2 March Consumer Theory: Preferences and Utility CSS 2, 3 9 March Consumer Theory: Choice and Demand CSS 4, 5 3 16 March Decision Theory: Choice under Risk Chi 11 4 23 March Decision Theory: Choice over Time n/a 5 30 March Producer Theory: Technology and Cost CSS 7, 8 Break Session break (Week beginning 6 April) 6 13 April Producer Theory: Profit Mastication and Supply CSS 9, 10 7 20 April Equilibrium and Welfare: Exchange Economy Chi 8 27 April 9 4 May Equilibrium and Welfare: Production Eco nomy, Public Goods Chi 16 10 11 May Game Theory: Games in Strategic and Extensive Forms Chi 12 11 8 May Game Theory: Quantity-Setting Oligopoly Chi 13 12 25 May Game Theory: Mixed Strategies and Repeated Games 13 1 June Asymmetric information Chi 15 Mid-semester test Status Status (Week beginning 8 June) Exams Exam period (Commences 15 June) Please note that the indicated chapters are only an approximate guide to what will be covered in class. Not all of the contents of the indicated chapters will be discussed in class. Moreover, some topics may be discussed that do not appear in the text. Please bear in mind that the content of assessment will be guided by the extent and depth to which topics are covered in class, ND not by the text. This is just another way of saying that it really is rather important to come to class. Online components The EXCESSES Blackboard site will be the primary channel for communication with students outside class time. This site will also contain links to the lecture slides and tutorial work. It is recommended that all students check the site at least twice a week during semester ; once immediately prior to each weeks lecture, and again a couple of days after the lecture.It is your responsibility to ensure that you are up to date with the information communicated through the Announcements page on Blackboard. This unit requires regular use of the University Learning Management System (I-MS), known as Blackboard Learn. You will need reliable access to a computer and Internet to use the ALMS. 3 The easiest way to access the ALMS is through Mini (click the My in link on the University home page, http://Sydney. Du. AU/ or link directly to it at HTTPS:/ /mini. Sydney. Du. AU/). There is a Blackboard L MS icon in the Chuckling window on the left of the screen. If you have any difficulties logging in or using the system, visit the Student Help area of the ALMS site, http:// Sydney. Du. AU/learning/student/help/.Mobile Learn You can also access your ALMS sites via the Sydney nun app for phone and Android. The full set of features available on the mobile app for the University SMS can be found in detail at http://Sydney. Du. AU/learning/docs/student/ mobile/MobileFeatureGuideDevice. PDF. The universitys Privacy Management Plan governs how the University will deal with personal information related to the content and use of its web sites. See http://Sydney. Adieu/ privacy. SHTML for further details. Assessment tasks and due dates Assessment task Weighting Length In class in week 8 75 minutes Final examination University examination period 150 minutes The mid-semester test is closed book, and will take place in class in week 8.The test will cover lecture material up to and including week 6, and tutorial material up to and including week 7. Further details regarding the format of the test will be provided in class and online in week 7. The final exam is closed book, and will take place during the Universitys examination period. The final exam will cover material from the entire semester; however material not examined in the mid-semester test will receive proportionately greater weight. Further details regarding the format f the exam will be provided in class and online in week 13. Assessment criteria This unit uses standards referenced assessment for award of assessment marks. Students assessment will be evaluated solely on the basis of students achievement against criteria and standards specified to align with learning outcomes. For reference to criteria and standards, please consult grade descriptors for the School of Economics at http://Sydney. Du. AU/arts/ economics/student-resources/index. SHTML. Academic dishonesty and plagiarism Academic honesty is a core value of the University. The University requires dents to act honestly, ethically and with integrity in their dealings with the University, its members, members of the public and others. The University is opposed to and will not tolerate academic dishonesty or plagiarism, and will treat allegations of academic dishonesty or plagiarism seriously.The Universitys Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism policy 201 2 and associated Procedures are available for reference on the university Policy Register at http://Sydney. Du. AU/policies (enter Academic Dishonesty in the search field). The Policy applies to the academic conduct of all students enrolled in a reworks award course at the University. Under the terms and definitions of the Policy: ; academic dishonesty means seeking to obtain or obtaining academic advantage (including in the assessment or publication of work) by dishonest or unfair means or knowingly assisting another student to do so; ; plagiarism means presenting another persons work as ones own work by presenting copying or reproducing it without appropriate acknowledgement Of the source.

”The Death Of Woman Wang” by Jonathan D. Spence Essay Sample free essay sample

The Death Of Woman Wang written by Jonathan D. Spence is a book that describes the status of community of 17th century China. The book is written with the aid of three beginnings and first 1 is the local history of that clip. 2nd is from the memories of a bookman named Huang Lia-hung and the 3rd one is from the plants of P’u Sung-ling who was a short narrative author and dealt with the ill will and wretchedness of the community at that clip. ‘The decease of Woman Wang’ depicts the narrative of a adult female who runs off from her hubby but was returned to him and is killed by him. With the aid of this narrative Jonathan D. Spence tries to give the image of adult females and jurisprudence of the society of that clip. Work force were allowed to make anything but adult females at that clip had to be loyal to their hubby and household and were treated about like slaves. We will write a custom essay sample on †The Death Of Woman Wang† by Jonathan D. Spence Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The jurisprudence of that period besides favored work forces and the status of rural China of that clip is besides represented in words in the narrative. Spence tried to give the readers the realistic position of rural China of 17th century and depict how gender effects relation with jurisprudence. Merely one right was given to adult females of that clip that if her hubby dies and there is a concern to be run. she could inherit the concern until her boy was capable of running the concern. Otherwise even if hubbies bet and lost their married womans in gamble no jurisprudence was at that place to protect them. It was one sided and partial to work forces. Womans were non supposed to raise any voice against the adversities they Page 2 had to confront in life. They had fixed responsibilities towards kin and community and they had to carry through them at any cost. The different narratives on different pages describe the state of affairs and status of adult females of that period. Womans were taught to keep their chaste. doggedness and opt decease at times of colza. In this manner with about negligible installations and rights adult females of that period used to populate their lives in China. Spence has taken aid of three different beginnings and it is seen that the manner the beginnings are used seems sometimes hard to distinguish the history of covering. One of the beginnings is historical based and one is fiction. so same state of affairs is dealt in both the beginnings in a separate manner. This consequence is seen in Spence’s book. ‘The Death of Woman Wang’ . But Spence has depicted the realistic image of the position of adult females in community of 17th century China. It besides shows how each sex should interact with each other and with society excessively. At that clip self-destruction was considered right harmonizing to the moral values predominating in society because it showed reverent feeling of a married woman towards her hubby. The choice of the beginnings by the author was perfect because the combination of personal experience. history and fiction could be considered as the best combination to picture the existent image of any community of a peculiar period. Sometimes it is felt that you get entangled in some other rhythm and you have to seek for the chief narrative. This is so because of the differe nt types of beginnings and its usage to picture the narrative in an interesting and moral manner. The book will do you experience the state of affairs that the people particularly adult females of that period had to confront in the society. Plants Cited 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. academon. com/lib/paper/28116. hypertext markup language

Monsters Within and Repression and the Family in Horror Cinema †Sociology Essay

Monsters Within and Repression and the Family in Horror Cinema – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Monsters Within and Repression and the Family in Horror Cinema Sociology Essay The horror genre, and in particular horror cinema, is greatly maligned. To many critics it is purely an exploitative, sexist, gratuitously sadistic form of puerile entertainment. Regardless of what one thinks of horror as a spectacle, the genre is of interest in academic terms at least, for the ways in which it reflects – either self-consciously or unconsciously – trends within society. Of particular significance is horror’s portrayal of the institution of the family and the family’s position in maintaining dominant social and cultural norms, namely those of patriarchy and capitalism. Though certainly not the only cinematic genre to critique the family, horror – given its marginalised status – is well equipped to articulate such concerns. Robin Wood’s structuralist adoption of the psychoanalytic-political theory of repression, outlined in An Introduction to the American Horror Film will provide us with our interpretive framework. Focusing on two films by recognised horror auteurs Wes Craven and David Cronenberg, I will discuss how these films, and horror as a genre confronts the problem of the family, and more specifically the notion of repression. It is important to first define our terms and frame of reference. As I am focusing on the family in horror, it is appropriate to discuss the contested nature of â€Å"family†. The family is by no means a universal, static, or tangible grouping; it exists as a complex network of relationships. It is the social institution entrusted with the reproductive process – reproduction of the species, along with reproduction of cultural, social and psychic norms. Though â€Å"the family† is frequently conceptualised as a universal, fixed unit (i.e. the nuclear family), this is an essentially ideological construction, conflicting with the reality of its diverse and changing nature. It is probably more correct to talk of â€Å"families†, as â€Å"the family† in a unitary sense doesn’t really exist. However, family is a useful concept for the way in which it informs and provides meaning to discursive and cultural formations. Family creates and articulates roles for individuals within society; roles that stem from post-Enlightenment Western thought, whereby the home and workplace are designated as â€Å"separate spheres†. The inherently Western nature of the family in this sense, and its function within capitalist superstructures requires us to view developments and themes in the horror genre with a degree of cultural specificity. As a result, I will be focusing on the American horror film, although I extend my analysis to cover Canadian director Cronenberg’s The Brood (1979). Repression and Capitalist Patriarchy Before looking at the history of horror cinema in the United States and representations of the family therein, I must outline our analytical framework. Central to Wood’s theory is the Freudian concept of repression. Civilisation and social existence is fundamentally based upon repression. Without the repression of basic instincts and urges, humans would be unable to function in society – self-control, consideration of others and the postponement of gratification are thus necessarily repressive acts that construct humanity, in opposition to the â€Å"natural† state of individualist anarchy. This â€Å"basic† repression, which is a prerequisite in all human cultures, can be distinguished from what is termed â€Å"surplus† repression. Surplus repression is culturally specific, and involves the predetermination of individuals’ social roles from birth. Closely related to this is the concept of oppression, where obvious manifestations of difference are quashed in an overt sense, which differs from the internalised nature of repression. In Western culture, surplus repression is used to shape individuals into â€Å"monogamous heterosexual bourgeois capitalists†. Thus, the notion of repression is intrinsically linked to economic as well as social structures. Capitalism requires a constant supply of labour, and that labour must be able to work efficiently and effectively. The nuclear family then, â€Å"resolves† what can be seen as a contradiction – to work efficiently, labour must not be distracted by the process of child-rearing, which in turn is essential to expanding the labour force. By ascribing (primarily gender-based) roles – Mother as submissive domestic labourer, child-raiser, nurturer; Father as dominant worker, breadwinner – capitalism reinscribes older patriarchal power structures. In order to maintain such a â€Å"stable†, logical system however, surplus repression must be constantly in action. The family can therefore be seen as the reason for, as well as the ke y instrument of, surplus repression under capitalist patriarchy. What, then, is being repressed in Western society? Wood points to sexual energy in general – as the source of creativity – in that â€Å"creativity† that is not sufficiently fulfilled in the monogamous heterosexual relationships necessary to perpetuate the family construct or through individuals’ labour practices, represents a threat to the myth of contentment under capitalist patriarchy. The family acts as the vehicle for this type of repression, by advocating, for example, parental monogamy. The sexuality of children is similarly denied and repressed by the family; cultural norms require parents to repress sexual behaviour (masturbation, for example) in their offspring. Following on from psychoanalytic theory’s conception of human bisexuality as â€Å"normal†, the bisexual-homosexual impulse is also repressed. This impulse is a direct affront to the norm of monogamous heterosexuality, as well as the ascribed gender roles of masculinity and femininity. From these gender roles, we can see that female sexuality in particular is severely repressed by the family, as the woman’s desire for sex (and thus her creativity) is seen as masculine, and as a result runs counter to the feminine ideal of passive subordination. Women, then, are frequently denied their sexuality under patriarchal capitalism. Given the primal or primordial nature of these repressed sexual impulses, society (bourgeois capitalist patriarchy) is presented with a difficult problem. The act of repression, as it stems from ideology, instils a hatred or fear of what is being repressed (it must be evil if society expects us to repress it) but nonetheless it still remains within, giving rise to neurosis. One of the key ways in which this is dealt with, is through the process of othering. In this way, what is repressed and hated within is projected onto an other, in a way displacing the neurosis and legitimising one’s own repressive culture (â€Å"it’s not us, it’s them!†) The creation of the other in one’s own inverse image, where â€Å"we† (bourgeois, white, civilised, heterosexual, repressed) are everything â€Å"they† (proletarian, dark, wild, bisexual, sexually overt) are not, is fundamental to the horror film. According to Wood’s basic formulation of hor ror, normality is threatened by the monster. Frequently the monster in horror is a wild, sexual being, representing the very impulses that are repressed within normal Western society. The Hills Have Eyes Wes Craven’s 1977 cult classic The Hills Have Eyes is a prime example of self-conscious problematicisation of the family in contemporary horror. Craven is a keen social observer of the processes of familial repression, as noted in a 1979 interview with Tony Williams – indeed, early in The Hills one of the characters (Bobby) makes an obvious reference to Freud. The film’s plot revolves around two apparently opposed families; the Carters – suburban middle class Christians, lost on their way to Los Angeles in a military testing site – and their â€Å"shadow† family – a group of scavenging, cannibalistic guerrillas that stalk the Carters, who have â€Å"invaded† their territory. As different as they appear, the families are constantly parallelled throughout the film, and eventually are impossible to tell apart. When their station wagon crashes in the desert, the members of the Carter family –Big Bob (the father), Ethel (the mother), teen siblings Brenda and Bobby, eldest daughter Lynne, Lynnes husband Doug and the couples infant daughter Katy – begin to show their â€Å"true colours†, as they play out their ideologically determined roles. Big Bob, portrayed as a racist, violent, crude patriarch blames his wife for the car crash, which she accepts submissively. Ethel attempts to balance the crudity of the former policeman (his occupation represents another institution of patriarchal dominance) with politeness and weak religious sentiments. The children, in particular Bobby and Brenda are also under the control of Big Bob – the patriarch – and when Bob leaves to find help, Bobby attempts (jokingly and unsuccessfully) to appropriate the role of male authoritarian controller. The Carters, in playing their role of the â€Å"ideal† family under patriarchal capitalism highlight the extent – and problems – of surplus repression. Bobby’s repression of unpleasant knowledge (the killing of the dog, Beauty) results indirectly in the deaths of Lynne and Ethel. Ethel herself is clearly in a state of denial; for example, on hearing heavy breathing over the radio she dismisses the sound as animal noise – even when Lynne points out that animals can’t use radios Ethel manages to ignore the sinister reality. Furthermore, when viewing her husband’s burning carcass she maintains the denial: â€Å"that’s not my Bob!† Lynne is also guilty of repression, as she tries to hide the fact that she found a tarantula in the caravan from her sister Brenda. The entire family is so busy repressing, trying to â€Å"protect† each other from the horrendous reality that they become increasingly fearful (neurotic) and ar e thus unprepared to deal with their shadow opposites. The â€Å"dark† family is at first more obviously dysfunctional. We learn that Grandfather Freddy attempted to kill his mutant son Jupiter, resenting him for causing his wife’s death in childbirth, and seeking any excuse to â€Å"expel† him from the family. When Jupiter survived, kidnapped a whore and reared his own family who now terrorise the desert, Freddy simply describes him as a â€Å"devil child† who grew into a â€Å"devil man†, rather than face his own guilt and complicity. The family (perhaps standing in for various oppressed minorities) manages to eke out a squalid existence by using discarded army surplus tools and weapons for the purpose of committing petty thievery. Their cannibalism and violence, while horrific, is almost understandable, given the circumstances in which they find themselves. When two of Jupiter’s sons raid the Carters’ trailer, they rape Brenda and murder Lynne and Ethel. The desire of rape, as a particu larly horrific, antisocial, uncivilised act represents one of the ultimate sexual expressions that must be repressed in civilised society. The dark family can in many ways be seen as the representative manifestation of a process of othering. Stripped of all pretensions, desperate for survival, the remaining members of the Carter family finally find within themselves the courage, wrath and craftiness to kill off their enemies. However, the internal resources they find come at the expense of the repression that differentiated them from Jupiter’s family in the first place. The film closes with a powerful red-filtered freeze-frame of Doug in full fury, set to stab Jupiters son Mars in the chest though Mars is surely already dead. The ultimate return of the repression of violence in the Carter family (which was initially alluded to through the aggression of Big Bob, as well as the fond recollection of a story where Beast killed a poodle) presents a striking social statement about the nature of the â€Å"civilised† family. Ruby, though not particularly prominent, is a key character in the film. She sits precariously between the initially polar opposites of civilisation and wildness. Though she is part of the dark family, she wishes to leave with Freddy and enter civilisation. Freddy ridicules her: â€Å"you think you could pass for regular folks? †¦ You stink like a hog!† The final third of the film further highlights the convergence of the two families, as Ruby is able to transfer easily from one family to the other – the differentiation between civilisation and chaos has been completely deconstructed. The Hills Have Eyes astutely locates the monster within capitalist patriarchal society, and specifically the family itself, and in doing so articulates progressive politics that can be construed as promoting social change. The Brood David Cronenberg is not particularly well known for producing â€Å"family† horror films. Though his previous films – Rabid (1977) and Shivers (1975) – are centred on the repression of sexuality, particularly female sexuality, the family (as the primary institution of repression) is not central to the texts. The Brood, however, is a classical family horror film in that it posits patriarchy and the family institution as responsible for the creation of monsters. In the film, Psychologist Dr. Raglan, director of the controversial Psychoplasmic Institute encourages his patients, including Nola – a neurotic recent divorcee – to outwardly manifest their anger and fear; particularly rage that stems from family problems. In the film’s opening scene, a patient is taunted and humiliated by Raglan, who plays the role of the dominant father, persuading him that he would have been better off as a girl – his weakness would then be more â€Å"accept able†. In this way Cronenberg is describing tensions that form within the family as a result of repression of bisexuality. The traditional family is further shown to be problematic through the characters of Nola herself, as well as her mother. We learn that Nola’s mother abused her as a child (which itself runs counter to the social norm of the mother as carer, nurturer, protector of children), and that her father failed to stop this abuse (positing him as emasculated, disempowered, feminised). This redefinition of social roles continues with Nola, who it seems is continuing this family trend of abusive behaviour against her own daughter, and by the end of the film has fully appropriated the male role of active aggressor. The monster in this film also emanates from within the family – the brood; a monstrous horde of sexless children form the physical manifestation of Nola’s rage under Raglan’s treatment (Raglan himself acts as a surrogate father). The Brood’s representation of the problems of the family differs substantially with that of The Hills Have Eyes. Though both films show their respective monsters as originating from the family and point to problems surrounding surplus repression, Cronenberg ultimately places the blame for the monster not on society, patriarchal capitalism, or the family institution, but on Nola’s abusive mother. Furthermore, the final solution to the creation of the brood is for Nola to be killed – there is no perceived need to challenge the social circumstances and familial repressions that led to the problem in the first place. Conclusion Robin Wood’s â€Å"return of the repressed† theory provides a convincing basis with which to understand the role of the family in Western (American) horror. The family, as the primary institution that maintains patriarchal capitalist ideology, is increasingly represented as problematic in horror. The surplus repression of (primarily sexual) impulses, though ostensibly allowing capitalist patriarchy to run smoothly, is problematic due to the inability of repression to completely annihilate these primordial impulses. The essence of family horror is the creation of a monstrous other that represents the outwardly projected repressed sexuality and violence that threatens bourgeois capitalist civilisation. The realisation that good and evil are not binary oppositions, that evil in fact comes from within us, shows that the act of repression itself is problematic; for what is repressed â€Å"returns in condensed and displaced form to threaten and challenge and disrupt that whi ch would deny it presence† . As shown in The Hills Have Eyes and The Brood, the problems of repression within the family are portrayed variously in horror. Craven’s film can be seen as progressive, providing a critique of familial repression and oppression, suggesting that one must come to terms with these repressed impulses as they are a natural part of us. Cronenberg’s The Brood has been read in different ways, but not as a progressive text. The disgust with which Cronenberg views female sexuality brings with it the assumption that this sexuality is something that should be repressed; indeed the viewer feels relief when Nola is killed – repression has won out over familial female pathology; the institution that generated her condition is not subjected to critique. Though there are reactionary and progressive representations of the problems associated with family, it is clear that cinematic horror in the West is founded upon the ideas of repression and op pression that stem from the social construction of the family. Bibliography Harwood, Sarah (1997) Family Fictions: Representations of the Family in 1980s Hollywood Cinema. London: Macmillan Sobchack, Vivian. (1987) â€Å"Bringing it All back Home: Family Economy and Generic Exchange† in Gregory Waller (ed.) American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film. Chicago: University of Illinois press, p. 177 Williams, Tony (1980) â€Å"Wes Craven: an interview.† Journal of Popular Film Television 8, no. 3 Williams, Tony (1996) â€Å"Chain Saw Massacres: The Apocalyptic Dimension† Hearths of Darkness: Family in the American Horror Film. London: Associated Universities press, ch. 8 Williams, Tony (1996) â€Å"Far From Vietnam: The Family at War† Hearths of Darkness: Family in the American Horror Film. London: Associated Universities press, ch. 4 Wood, Robin (1979) â€Å"An Introduction to the American Horror Film†. The American Nightmare. Toronto: Festival of Festivals Filmography Shivers David Cronenberg, 1975 The Brood David Cronenberg, 1977 The Hills Have Eyes Wes Craven, 1977 Research Papers on Monsters Within and Repression and the Family in Horror Cinema - Sociology EssayInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesWhere Wild and West MeetThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of India

A comparison of cultural literacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

A comparison of cultural literacies - Essay Example They discovered a worldwide problem with regards to the access of the people to education. Base on their reports, there from non-western countries, there is an estimated 130 million children who are about to go to school will not be able to get any basic education based on the questions of poverty and their access to schools. A systematic comparison in educational system is the bottomline to first understand how an educational system caters to the need of the greater public. The essential function of providing education for people is for them to be literate and be globally competent. This might be dependent on how education has been deviced and presented to them since the younger age up to collage and how they or they do not benefit from it. There are considerable factors that are needed to be tackled in understanding this, such as the socio-demographic condition of a particular country, cultural upbringing and religious backgrounds, technological aspect and economic factors. Clear comparison between two different two educational system in divers cultural backgrounds, economic factors etcetera is imperative.There might be strong points to show comparison between the qualities of education to locations where poverty is high than those places with lower poverty. There is also a demographic considerations that is needed to be understood to visualize an effective comparisons to the present educational system (both tradional and innovative) and to the educational system of other non-western countries. First there is already the question about traditional and innovative education and how can or cannot be effective to cater the learner’s need. Both of them has the core goal of educating the public but perspective and approaches are not similar. The concern of traditional and non-traditional of innovative education can be rooted up from the ideas of people who claimed traditional education as too conservative and therefore not

Strategic Corporate Fiance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Corporate Fiance - Essay Example From the above-mentioned table, it is quite evident that Net Asset Value of Marks and Spencer have increased for 0.03 bases point and is higher in 2011 than 2010. The company has net assets worth of ?1.72 in 2011 and ?1.69 in 2010, which clearly explains that the Net Asset Value is improving. 2) Cost of Capital (CAPM) In the table mentioned below, the computations have been shown for the weighted average cost of capital of the company, Marks and Spencer. The cost of debt of the company is 4% whereas the cost of capital of the company was found as 4.5%. The weighted average cost of capital of the company, which incorporated the value of debt and value of equity was found to be 4.33%. Cost of Debt       Rd = Annual Coupon    Current Bond Price          = 5    125       Rd = 4.00% Value of Equity Ve = Current Price of Share x Number of Shares outstanding = 3.76 x 1,600 = 6,016 Value of Debt Vd = Current Price of Bond x Number of Bonds Issued = 125 x 2,489 = 3,111                         100       Weights       Wd = Debt = 3,111 = 34.09%    Debt + Equity 3,111 + 6,016          We = Equity = 6,016 = 65.91%       Debt + Equity    3,111 + 6,016       3) Dividend Growth Model (DGM) In this section of the paper, computations for Gordon’s dividend growth models have been shown. ...       K – g    0.045 - 0.02       From the above-mentioned table, this information can be extracted that if the growth rate is zero, then the hypothetical ex-right price of share price of Marks and Spencer is approximately 377 pence. In contrast to that, if it is assumed that dividend grow at the rate of 2%, then there is an enormous increment in the share price of the company, which is around 693 pence. It can be stated that at the growth rate 0, the share price of the company of 363 pence is more appropriate than the share price at growth rate 2%, which is 693. The share price of 693 pence is highly optimistic. 4) Price Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) The following table demonstrates the Price Earnings Ratio of Marks and Spencer. Price Earnings Ratio    31-Mar-12 11-Jan-13 P/E Ratio = 376 = 11.56 times = 363 = 11.2 times       32.5             32.5       In the year 2011, the Price Earnings Ratio of the company is 11.56. Nevertheless, it reduced in the last year to 11.2 because there was a reduction in the share price of the company. The average price earnings ratio of the respective industry of Marks and Spencer is 8.5 times, on the other hand, the P/E of Marks and Spencer is 11.2 times. If the P/E of Marks and Spencer is compared with the industry average, then it can be stated the Price Earnings ratio of Marks and Spencer is substantially higher than the industry average. It reveals that the share price of the company is over-values as compared to its industry competitors. Task 2 Investment in stocks is something which can be extremely tricky for ordinary investors. This is because the investors lack in having capabilities regarding the pricing of the stocks. The pricing of stocks have turned out to be a key factor as a minor mistake in

The Business Objectives Of New Technologies Information Technology Essay

The Business Objectives Of New Technologies Information Technology Essay Prior to think about starting new business or implementing new technology to the business, one must think about the Objectives what they are expecting from it and objectives are based on planning. Therefore, plan is the most important part and if plan does not figure out the outcomes, this would mean that the plan made is vain. So planning should be made under consideration that whatever objectives we are going to calculate from the business, plan should stipulate end results and its associated activities to achieve that results. Objective may be set under the consideration of increase in monthly sale, profit or decrease in cost, operating expenses, check and balance on cash flows, debts, investments etc or non financial objectives such as customer satisfaction and whatsoever to give the positive edge to the business in the competitive environment. However, the selected topic would highlight the introduction of a new technology in an organisation in achieving its business objectives in following discussion. 1. Introduction Lots of executives nowadays are more sentient about the strategic weight of technology in terms of providing the value and cut-throat edge to their companies in fast pacing business arena. Such kind of needs turn into more crucial issues when we talk about their practical implications in any business as it comprises not only cost and complexity but also increase in the rate of technology change, sources and competition. This may sound uncomplicated in terms of designing it on papers, however putting it prudently into practice is not simple, as it requires valuable processes, management of technology and system to make sure that these technological resources are matched with the business needs, not only to cope with current demand but for the future needs of the business as well. Hence, no matter what technology is planned to introduce in the business, but it must considered that it assists the business processes such as communication and its implementation must be aligned with business strategy and development. 1.1 Technology And Its Appendage To Business We can define technology in many ways and the abstracts from the various definitions highlight different aspects that epitomize technology and this can be deemed as a precise type of knowledge however this may also be in material form in a shape of physical object, e.g. it can be a machine, system, module or product. Moreover, when we talk about important elements of technology then we come across with the sense that these elements distinguish technology from ordinary understanding to precise understanding of the company, as technology comprises with engineering and science. And the procedures which work effectively for its functions are also very important, for instance organisations structures and software applications / tools together with innovative procedures and advancement of new product etc. Obtaining awareness about the technology and accommodating it for its effective use is crucial, as technical know-how of any technology consists of both overt and unspoken knowledge. Where, overt know-how can be explained whether in a form of report, process or user manual, together with the physical equipment. However, unspoken technological knowledge can not be easily expressed and depends on training and understanding of work such as obtaining different skills according to the need of work. Equally like technology, we can portrait technology appendage to business in a way that it concentrates on the effectual recognition, selection, getting hold of development, utilization and shielding of technology needed to uphold a market place and business recital in conformity with companys objectives. So technology appendage to business can demonstrate as ascertaining and upholding the link between resources and objectives of the company and this requires suitable processes and tools sustai n by effective management and communication. 1.2 Management of Technology Once technology introduces to the business the next phase comes in the shape of its management which elucidate the demanding processes to build up an incessant relationship between product and services that it can produce desired results while serving to the target market. In this way it becomes easy for it to put together all technological issues arise during the business processes, including innovation, operation management, strategy development and new product development and ultimately the extraction of those issues with best solutions. Excellent management of technology requires the strong link of knowledge and communication among the technological and commercial perspectives in the organization and this would help to accomplish a balance between technology push and market pull. Thus, it does not only depend alone on either internal or external factors but equally on both factors such as business objectives, inside culture of the company and dynamics of the market. Following figure shows how technology can support to both product and services to achieve its best and cost efficient results while simultaneously focusing on business strategy and available market opportunities. Key Challenges As challenges are associated with all of the businesses, fields, professions, processes, etc similarly there are various challenges attached with the introduction of new technology to the business few of the vital challenges are as follows: Comprehensible Business Need The first challenge prior to decide the introduction of new technology to the business is Need and this must be taken into account with high consideration as cost of implementing new technology must not exceed the benefits originate from it. Otherwise lack of clear business need may affect worst to the business position and ultimately may put business out from the market. 1.3.2 Valuable Business Processes Once its decided that there is a genuine need of the new technology in the business and competitive advantage would be driven into the business, then there is a need to think about how to develop valuable business processes which would align all internal and external factors with the business strategy to achieve its objectives and it must not overload from limited or short term tasks only. Organisation Culture Culture of any organisation is vital for its success so new technology must be supportive to its culture and should participate in the effective progress of making culture stronger than the ongoing culture and definitely it should not impede the ongoing progress otherwise the introduction of new technology would be costly rather than beneficial to the company. 1.3.3 Right People and Functions There is also a need to ensure that right people and functions must be aligned with new technology as it all depends on the knowledge and skills so if the right persons are not put in place to exercise it or in the process of making functions to obtain competitive outcomes then the best use of new technology may concealed forever from the companys desired results. 1.3.4 Obligation from Senior Management Obligation from senior management is required for this introduction as they are in command to decide and use of the technology. As they are working for the best interest of the shareholders so every decision from them must be transparent and they are accountable and responsible for their actions towards the companys progress. Lack of commitment in this regard may affect worst on the decision of introduction of new technology. 1.3.5 Required Data / Information Availability of required data / information is essential that could support the companys decision for the introduction of new technology. Because this would help the management to decide whether these is a need for the new technology in the business or they can make outsource arrangements for the required processes without this data / information company may play blind ultimately associated cost would turn their profit into loss. Effective Tools / Techniques Effective tool, techniques and methods must be analysed which would be associated to the new technology as these should not either play a difficult or negative role in the companys ongoing processes. Consequently, these would leave destructive impact on the operations and company may face solvency or loss due to the introduction of new technology. Effectual Training and Monitoring Training must be provided to all of the staff members involved in the processes affected by the introduction of new technology as without the proper training they may face difficulty to use or bypass cost effective processes and finally monitoring is vital for the sake of observing the desired benefit calculated prior to the introduction. If company achieves its objectives then its beneficial and would give competitive advantage and if not then company always move with the contingency plan to depart from the use of new technology or processes. 2. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) New Technology By Tesco Tesco is trying to develop the idea of introducing new technology Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) from last 5 years with a perspective to align it with its business strategy. 2.1 How It Works This technology has an ability to track and tag items, on the other hand its implication is enormous. For instance, the movement of stock can be tracked and in transit products can be easily monitored, so inventory of all items can be examined at any time. 2.2 Enhanced Customer Availability With the help of stock tracking in real time and ability to record it automatically, this technology will help the staff members to re-shelve the items on time. Eventually, it will be the reason for enhanced customer availability to the stores. 2.3 Reduced Pricing Through this technology control over the waste in store, effective supply chain management and better stock levels would help Tesco to reduce the products prices to obtain competitive advantage. In simple words products would be ordered in controlled manner such as Just In Time delivery before the stock ends and eventually minimum waste of it in store. 2.4 Enhanced Customer Services Due to control over all other aspects such as enhanced products availability, the staff would be able to provide excellent and focused customer services. As, they would get awareness of stocks in seconds of time whether items are available or not together with tracking the misplaced items and putting them back to their places. 2.5 Automated Re-order As, this technology keeps record of all items available in stores, in transit, misplaced in the store and control over the wastage of inventory. So, it would be possible to reorder items automatically based on the contact of minimum level of stocks of each item. 2.6 Implementation Issues Tesco is still working on this project to implement it in its stores but there are many issues left and need appropriate intention and secure programming. The main barrier around its implementation is the requirement of huge cost and without cost / benefit analysis Tesco is not ready to implement / test it in any of its stores. But it is expected that it will introduce in 2010. The other main issue which has to consider carefully that this technology has a potential of spy and this issue has already risen by Civil Rights activists. Also there is apprehension about the manipulation of data in terms of changing in the product price by customers. For instance, PDA (hand held device) may edit the tag of one item with the price of another. 2.7 Conclusion The idea behind introducing the new technology is that whether it endows positive and efficient results to what is currently in use by the company or not. So, the thing is company has to decide that whether they need to upgrade the existing technology already in use or introduce the new technology to achieve business objectives while taking advantage of the more profit, competitive edge / enhancement of operational activities or if they can push the business activities forward without introduction of new technology. Also company must take its vision in account and must ensure that this new technology is heading towards the same direction and has ability to dominate the future approach of performing a task in the companys favour or will it become obsolete after a little time (companys loss in terms of functional cost) or complex in use that customers will lean while using it at the time to buy a product (damage of image). Apart from the criticism about spy and other associated issues, Tesco knows that introduction of new technology has other short terms issues as well such as re-organising, re-training of staff, educating customers how to use it etc. Moreover, the cost / benefit analysis are left behind and has to analysed before the implication of this new technology. This is fair to say while concluding from the introduction of new technologys analysis that business would not obtain benefits if it is same alike so. And if without introducing new technology a business is already standing on the top of competitive environment then there is no need to introduce new technology to the business but hold the card to put off when any of the competitors changes its approach to come forward in the competitive business arena. 3. Approaches Of Introduction Of New Technology Once I read the available list for The Oxford Brookes University  Research and Analysis Project (RAP) by ACCA, I decided to write on How the introduction of a new technology can assist an organisation in achieving its business objectives and for this purpose I selected Tesco RFID to refer it with the different available approaches. Following are various approaches / levels / stages etc that every company may consider while functioning about the introduction of new technology to achieve their business objectives: 3.1 Planning Of Product / Technology This is the very common type towards the introduction of new technology in the business and it covers the entire processes that a company may come across with right from its start to its end. This stage helps the company to insert technology in their running system and contrived products. Tesco RFID prior to its development was taken into account with a consideration of individual customers understandings and needs. The idea was based on customers shopping experience and wastage of stock in the stores. So they planned to introduce a new technology that regulates with the current operational activities and this process can be seen in the following figure which shows the timely introduction and connection of products-technologies relationship on planning stage. 3.2 Capabilities Of New Technology After the planning stage, the next step companies consider for the introduction of new technology in their businesses is analysing the capabilities to handle the current operations of the organisation by new technology that it should enhance the performance of the ongoing processes and should not become the reason of either making it difficult to handle or making the current operations more complex than their existing way. Same as in the case of RFID, Tesco reviewed its existing operations and analysed that with the help of capabilities of new technology together with the management serving the customers by giving individual attention, the implementation of RFID would be very effective. The technology captured positive perception but still issues are associated with it and Tesco is working hard to resolve these issues. Tesco management knows that it would give them cost reduction benefit by controlling over the wastage of stock but the implementation is still delayed due to the high initial cost requirement and other issues. But, it seems like Tesco management is sure about technologys capabilities and exceptional services by staff members so they know that it would help Tesco to understand that how much investment is required to implement it properly and ultimately this would become a rationale in increased business activities plus profit. Following figure shows the interrelationship between all activities behind the introduction of new technology in the business to achieve its objectives. 3.3 Strategic Approach It is very important to keep in mind about the future vision of any introduction of new technology in the business as it comprises on the all vital aspects of the business environment including market, product, skills, technology etc. So prior to deciding for the new technology, companies should made the vision that what they are expecting from this new project that it should stroll along with all vital aspects of the business without having conflict with any of it. The same way, Tesco realised that they can save much of the costs they are wasting in a way of stock wastage and made vision that this RFID would produce excellent results in terms of increase in sales and reduction in costs including management cost and more important is that it is aligned with its operations and future vision. Following figure shows the how the strategic approach works for the business even to fill out the gap which turns up due to the comparison of current position with the future vision. 3.4 Information System Information system is vital part of every successful project and especially when thinking about to introduce new technology to the business. All of the projects essences up to its success are based on the right information on timely basis. If wrong information driven on the initial stage would mean the wrong decision for the future and ultimately it would drive company towards cost and loss of business. Tesco for instance, when initially took step for introducing the RFID they came across from many experiments in the shape of surveys and observing customers behaviour and they collected right information from its various outlets to make decision about introducing new technology. So, we can see from the following figure that right information on right time in the process of technology development provides the dominant outcome (e.g. nugget in the fig) leads to cost effective edge in the companys operations. 3.5 Asset and Management Knowledge On the basis of aligning available management and asset knowledge companies can portray the future demands. Asset knowledge relates to the processes on which management takes decision about the projects and their needs including introduction of new technology and this is the stage where management takes business objectives very carefully in to account. As Tesco on the basis of its knowledge and management skills enabled it to take a decision about to introduce RFID. With the help of following figure we can analyse that how all aspects of introduction of new technology in business such as assets, knowledge and management help to align all the processes while focusing on the eventual end of achieving business objectives. 4. Issues With Introduction Of New Technology Similar to all projects, there are various issues attached with the introduction to new technology and these issues must take into account very sensibly to achieve the desire business objectives. However the most import issue is Software, as almost all of the technologies are dependent on software that enables its effective use so companies must consider the following main issues related to software: Software should define all aspects of the business processes without any conflict with inter-related activities from enabling data, sharing information, to all templates and protocols. Software should enable management to retrieve data for decision making, analysing situations, and managing the complexities in the systems etc. Software must provide the critical paths of the activities along with available activities which can start parallel to the critical paths to save time and cost and eventually helping management to make timely decisions. Software must have ability to uphold market information, product-market analysis, option evaluations, assessment of technology up gradation etc. Software should have ability to customise it on timely basis according to the requirement to obtain utmost results from the technology. Software should have ability for integration of methods, processes and information. Software must have ability to facilitate the business processes from importing and exporting data simultaneously connecting with other management and business information systems. Software interface must be user friendly with ability to grow with company, this would mean that it must have ability to support multi-users as data would input from various locations and types. Must consider that only software alone may not produce good results as its role is just to support business activities and it depends on the management that how they utilise the best from the information generated from the software. 5. Pros and Cons Of Introduction Of New Technology Like every object new technology introduction also has pros and cons to the business as the logic behind the introduction of new technology is that businesses want to make their activities and processes more efficient as compare to their current available needs. 5.1 Advantages of Introduction of New Technology Following are the advantages of the new technology in business: 5.1.1 Cost Efficient The first and main advantage behind the decision of introduction of new technology is cost saving. 5.1.2 Productivity Increased productivity in terms of production, planning and efficiency is also one of the advantages associated with introduction of new technology to the business. 5.1.3 Reduction in Workforce Automated activities help companies to reduce the workforce eventually this would help as a source of cost saving. 5.1.4 Profitability As efficiency increased it reduces the cost so introduction of new technology to the new business allows work to be done more quickly which would mean more fluency of cash inflows to the business. 5.1.5 Employees Motivation Once company achieved its business objectives from the introduction of new technology this would means business is making profit. So, companies may think about remuneration increment or bonuses to their employees to increase their motivation level. 5.1.6 Effective Communication and Decision Making Introduction of new technology may help companies to communicate effectively with their long distance businesses point of sales and thus it would be easy for them to make decision according to the requirement of a particular area. 5.1.7 Competitive Advantage Companies always decide to introduce new technology with keeping competitive advantages in their mind. It could be offering products on low prices without lowing standard of products. 5.2 Disadvantages of Introduction of New Technology Following are the disadvantages of the new technology in business: 5.2.1 Management Main disadvantage is the introduction of new technology to the business might be difficult to manage. So with high consideration of genuine need must take in to account. 5.2.2 Skills New technology if internal, the company may require to arrange appropriate training for its employees or if external (for customer use) then may not be user friendly and thus beyond the range of use from large number of customers and this would generate loss in return. 5.2.3 Maintenance The maintenance and up gradation of technology to keep it effective may incur more cost than its benefits. 5.2.4 Other Costs Other costs may be in terms of redundancy pay to the staff due to the introduction of new technology and purchasing it for the entire branches of business. 5.2.5 Time Factor Introduction of new technology may obsolete more quicker than the time company calculated to obtain benefits from it. 5.2.6 Integration Introduction of new technology may not integrate with all of the business processes or may bypass various activities which may be important to take into account for the effective outcome. 5.2.7 Substitute Substitute of the technology may be more efficient of cheaper than the technology company is going to arrange for its business activities. This would mean inefficient and costly decision by management without making proper research. 6. Conclusion From all of the above discussion we can abstract that introduction of new technology (if genuinely required by the company) has great potential to support the development and implement of business activities, align with strategy of the company while endowing a company with the effective information, processes and tool to obtain positive outcomes. The following features of introduction of new technology have identified: A lot of benefits of new technology are taken from the business processes and these processes brings together personnel from various divisions of the business endowing them chance to share effective information and their perspectives towards the development of new technology. The obvious advantage to develop and introduce the new technology is based on the effective communication which is associated with business processes and eventually with the strategic planning. The new technology development may have potential for supporting business planning and strategy to achieve the business objectives sketched by businesss vision. New technology introduction is not a black box approach that it would use as a learning experience or flexible approach that it would base on specific circumstances. Introduction of new technology should articulate in graphical form as it is the most effectual means which maintain communication across useful boundaries prior to the development of processes under new technology. New technology must integrate with technology already in use, products development, business processes and commercial activities by the company. New technology should overtly describe the time measurement which is significant for certifying that all business related activities are synchronised effectively. Introduction of new technology must focus on long term vision of the company as the initial investment for the development, implementation, and training about new technology costs as a huge expense to the company. Software plays an important role in every application in the technology. It may alone can not deliver the best results unless it is made as user friendly and integrated with all other related aspects of the business Finally a key benefit of introduction of new technology is sharing of knowledge among all the personnel even if around the globe and the development of strong and common vision where company is heading. 7. Recommendations After working about the implementation of RFID by Tesco and attached issues to this project following are few recommendations for its growth: YE ABHI CHANGE KERNI HEIN Establish Technology Management Practices Create IT Management Team ORG does not have a formal technology management team. Given the size of ORGs computing environment, CompuMentor recommends ORG develop an Information Technology Management Team. This team will drive the overall direction of technology and information systems. We have found this to be the most sustainable and cost effective way to manage the technology projects and systems that ORG will be developing. This team can be comprised of existing staff through a reallocation of their time depending the existing staff skill set, interest and budget considerations. Benefits Allows all staff to begin discussing needs, ideas and directions for technology. Provides a realistic technology budget that takes into account the organizations technology plans. Becomes a focal point for future technology planning, and specific technology projects such as web site construction or database planning. The diverse membership of the tech team can help ensure that such policy is useful for all members of an organization. Recommendation ORG should develop an Information Technology Management Team pooled from its existing staff. The team works to set technical priorities, assist in decisions in technology plan implementation and advocates for technology in the budgeting process. The team is made up of a representative cross-section of the organization. This will be increasingly important as ORGs technological capacity grows and the needs of its users become more diverse. The tech team ensures continuity for planning that outlasts the tenure of any one individual. The tech team should ensure that members also share training opportunities. Document Policies Procedures In order to most productively manage the technology usage at ORG it is important for the organization to document common computer procedures and computer usage policies and to train staff members on these policies and procedures. Recommendation The series of training materials that Miriam has produced should be finalized and deployed to all ORG staff members. Computer usage policies should be drafted and posted at each location. Improve Network Server and File Security. ORG should standardize and improve its network security. The mix of local vs. server accounts and the lack of standards for file organization and file sharing not only requires more overall administration; but also puts ORGs data at risk from loss, theft, or access to private files by individuals who should normally be denied access. Recommendation In order to provide a consistent model among all of its offices ORG should follow a standard set of guidelines for storing and sharing files. Additionally, all user accounts should be centralized on the servers at each location. A consistent file storage and sharing model will help users across the organization to know where to put files so that they are secure and confidential. Considerations This recommendation should be considered when planning to replace the network server at the unified Peabody/Whitehall office as many of the tasks below could be most quickly performed on a new server. Evaluate need for regular systems administration. Due to the size of ORGs organization, it should consider how much time is spent administering various systems and resolving day-to-day user problems. ORG presently has a person at each location designated as the defacto administrator. This role is in addition to their regular mission oriented duties. Recommendation ORG should track its daily user related issues and the amount of time it takes to resolve them over a period of time (30-60 days). Evaluate the time requirement to resolve such issues in order to identify if further scheduled support service or a full-time administrator is required to free up the time of the present administrators and to provide better service to staff members. Establish a formal technology budget. ORG pr